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Atomic Collapse in Graphene
Pack enough positive charge onto one spot of a graphene sheet and the electrons stop
circling it — they spiral inward and pile into a bright resonance that sinks below the
“Dirac point” (the cyan line). It is a tabletop echo of what a nucleus heavier than about
element 170 would do to the quantum vacuum. The landscape is the electron density versus
distance from the charge (near edge) and probe energy (far edge); the gold dots are the
artificial nucleus. Drag the charge β past ½ and watch the resonance dive.
Electrons in graphene move like massless particles, so they obey a 2‑D Dirac equation.
Drop in a Coulomb well −β/r and split it by angular momentum j: near the charge every
solution behaves like rⁿ, with exponent √(j²−β²). Below β = ½ that
exponent is real and the electron merely scatters (faint Friedel ripples). Above β = ½
it turns imaginary — r raised to an imaginary power is endless oscillation in log r, the
wavefunction “falling to the centre.” Matching that inward spiral to the outgoing waves
leaves quasi‑bound resonances at energies spaced by e^(−2πn / √(β²−¼)),
a self‑similar ladder diving toward the Dirac point. We integrate the radial Dirac equation
on load and render the density it predicts.